This article was originally published on The Conversation, an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts. Disclosure information is available on the original site.
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Authors: Corinne L. Mason, Associate Professor, Women's and Gender Studies, Mount Royal University; and Leah Hamilton, Professor in the Faculty of Business & Communication Studies, Mount Royal University
What did Alberta Premier Danielle Smith get wrong in her new anti-trans policies? Spoiler alert 鈥� everything.聽
Let鈥檚 spend some time fact-checking Smith.聽
She recently promised a new 鈥減arental rights鈥� policy would be introduced by her United Conservative Party government.
Like other experts, we worried these policies would mimic the parental rights legislation recently introduced in Saskatchewan and New Brunswick.
But we grossly underestimated the breadth of the policies announced.聽
Smith has unveiled a suite of policies that directly attack trans and gender-diverse children and youth in Alberta. Spanning health care, education and sports, these policies extend well beyond the expected changes to the use of chosen names and pronouns in schools.
Smith intends to implement the most extensive, draconian and unbalanced proposals of any conservative province to date, all under the guise of 鈥減reserving choice鈥� for kids.聽
As we explain below, these policies are at odds with research about gender-affirming care, curriculum and sports.聽
As a result of ignoring the evidence, these policies could cause significant harm to the many transgender and non-binary youth who live in Alberta or access gender affirming care in the province (like youth from the Northwest Territories, for example).
Evidence on trans-affirming care
Smith鈥檚 new policy will forbid access to puberty blockers and hormone therapy for the purpose of gender reassignment or affirmation for youth 15 years of age and under, except for those who have already started those treatments. For youth 17 years and under, top and bottom gender reassignment surgeries are not permitted.聽
This particular policy deliberately spreads disinformation 鈥� parents are already required to give consent for their pubescent children to receive puberty blockers and for teenagers to access hormone replacement therapy. Bottom surgeries are already restricted to adults.聽
Puberty blockers slow down the onset of puberty and are often prescribed for cisgender girls who experience puberty before 10 years old.聽
According to Scientific American, puberty blockers have been studied extensively and have been used safely since the 1980s. Any risks associated with puberty blockers are already included in Standards of Care for transgender patients, and are not being prescribed to pubescent youth without careful consultation.
Like all medicines, side effects are a risk but researchers caution against fear-mongering in response to gender-affirming care.
The evidence about trans-affirming health care for youth is clear 鈥� it saves lives. Evidence suggests that puberty blockers lead to positive mental health outcomes and that the biggest benefits of gender-affirming hormone therapy (HRT) are realized when HRT is started at age 14 or 15.聽
Rather than restrict life-saving medical care, experts in fertility medicine call for increased accessibility for trans people to fertility services.
Sex education evidence
Paralleling Saskatchewan and New Brunswick, Alberta youth 15 and under now require parental consent to use chosen names and pronouns at school. Notification is required for 16- and 17-year-olds to do so.聽
Classroom instruction on gender, sexuality and sexual orientation also now requires parental notification and opt-in. Finally, third-party resource materials on gender, sexuality and sexual orientation in schools need to be pre-approved by the ministry to make sure they鈥檙e 鈥渁ge-appropriate.鈥�
Education experts agree that what is needed to protect youth 鈥� including cisgender and heterosexual kids 鈥� from potential abuse is robust and consent-based sexual health education. Youth have the right to knowledge and skills about their bodies, consent, safe/unsafe touch and healthy relationships.聽
By creating conditions that could result in youth receiving no or limited information, Smith has put children and youth at greater risk of violence and harm.聽
Risk of parental, peer rejection
Requiring parental consent for youth to use their chosen name and pronouns at school could cause irreparable harm. This process essentially requires schools to 鈥渙ut鈥� youth to their parents, who may reject their children.聽
Smith incorrectly suggests that parental rejection of 2SLGBTQIA+ kids is rare.聽
According to a Canadian study by The Family Acceptance Project, 30 per cent of families reject their child when they come out, and many are removed from their homes. Among youth who are homeless, 20 per cent identify as 2SLGBTQIA+.聽
For those who experience family rejection, the rates of suicide are incredibly high. According to the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, 79 per cent of those rejected by their families experienced suicidal ideation and 43 per cent have made a suicide attempt.聽
Trans athletes evidence
Smith鈥檚 policy will also ban trans girls and women athletes from participating in competitive women鈥檚 sports. They will be forced to play in gender-neutral or co-ed divisions.
Yet again, Smith hasn鈥檛 listened to the experts. Some scientists maintain that trans women and girls have no 鈥渂iological advantage鈥� over cisgender girls and women.聽
A book on the topic that reviewed evidence on testosterone determined there is no direct relation between the hormone and athletic performance. It found that while testosterone can be linked to muscle mass and muscle memory, there鈥檚 no connection to other capacities like endurance and flexibility.
High levels of athleticism are actually correlated with coaching and specialized training 鈥� including access to competitive leagues 鈥� not to 鈥渂iological sex.鈥澛�
Trans sports participation is vital for health and well-being. That鈥檚 why the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport recommends 鈥減olicies governing the participation of trans athletes should be evidence-based.鈥� According to a study published by the 聽Journal of the American Medical Association, youth participation in sport is associated with positive physical, mental and emotional well-being.
Inclusive sports environments 鈥� not segregated leagues 鈥� are associated with greater self-esteem and school retention.
What鈥檚 the truth?
In survey data collected from 2,873 non-binary and trans people in Canada, youth reported high levels of harassment (72 per cent), rejection from family (25 per cent) and suicide ideation (40 per cent).聽
In contrast, trans youth who are affirmed in schools, health care and in sports have better self-confidence and relationships with their parents.
Smith has incorrectly warned there are risks associated with affirmation and inclusion in schools for trans kids.
What the evidence actually demonstrates is what truly puts trans kids at risk are transphobic, misguided and ill-informed policies and practices that deny them the right to live authentically and to express themselves fully without fear.聽
Federal cabinet ministers are speaking out against Smith鈥檚 proposed restrictions. Ottawa may oppose the policies in court.
In Alberta, Skipping Stone Foundation in Calgary and Egale Canada 鈥� advocacy groups for 2SLGBTQI people 鈥� have publicly condemned Smith鈥檚 policies and have partnered to file a court injunction.聽
These policies are clearly meant to satisfy Smith鈥檚 electoral base, but her government is now going to have to go head-to-head with the experts 鈥� and the evidence 鈥� in future legal battles.
This is an updated version of a story originally published on Friday, Feb. 2. It includes more information on clinical guidelines for the prescription of puberty blockers for the purposes of gender-affirming care.
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Corinne L. Mason receives funding from SSHRC.
Leah Hamilton receives funding from SSHRC.
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This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Disclosure information is available on the original site. Read the original article: https://theconversation.com/albertas-new-policies-are-not-only-anti-trans-they-are-anti-evidence-222579
Corinne L. Mason, Associate Professor, Women's and Gender Studies, Mount Royal University; and Leah Hamilton, Professor in the Faculty of Business & Communication Studies, Mount Royal University, The Conversation
