MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) 鈥� Jim Stewart, the white Tennessee farm boy and fiddle player who co-founded the influential Stax Records with his sister in a Black, inner-city Memphis neighborhood and helped build the soulful 鈥淢emphis sound,鈥� has died at age 92.
Stewart died peacefully and surrounded by his family on Monday, the Stax Museum of American Soul Music said in a news release. A cause of death was not disclosed and funeral plans were pending.
Stewart was co-founder of Stax Records in Memphis, where, during an era of racial strife, white musicians and producers worked alongside Black singers, songwriters and instrumentalists to create the 鈥淢emphis sound鈥� embodied by Otis Redding, Isaac Hayes, Booker T. and the M.G.s, Carla and Rufus Thomas, The Staple Singers, Wilson Pickett, Sam & Dave and many others.
Stax and its affiliated record labels released 300 albums and 800 singles between 1959 and 1975, according to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Stax fostered a raw sound born from Black church music, the blues and rock 鈥榥鈥� roll. It featured strong rhythm sections, powerful horn players, and singers who could be sexy and soulful in one tune, and loud and forceful in another.
Before Stax went bankrupt in 1975, the recording studio in Memphis鈥� 鈥淪oulsville鈥� neighborhood produced lasting hits such as Otis Redding鈥檚 鈥淒ock of the Bay,鈥� Eddie Floyd鈥檚 鈥淜nock on Wood,鈥� Sam & Dave鈥檚 鈥淗old On, I鈥檓 Comin鈥欌�� and 鈥淪oul Man,鈥� and 鈥淕reen Onions鈥� by Booker T. and the M.G.s.
鈥淭here was so much talent here, under circumstances that were almost considered impossible in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1960, with the racial situation here,鈥� during an interview in May 2013 鈥� his first interview in at least 15 years. 鈥淚t was a sanctuary for all of us to get away from the outside world.鈥�
Stewart grew up on a farm in Middleton, Tennessee, before moving to Memphis to attend Memphis State University and joining a group called the Canyon Cowboys as a country music fiddler. He was recording country music in his wife鈥檚 uncle鈥檚 garage and working at a bank when he and his sister, Estelle Axton, founded the Satellite record label in 1957.
In 1961, after learning of a California label with the Satellite name, Stewart and Axton decided to combine the first two letters of their last names to create a new name, Stax. The pair moved the studio into an old movie theater on the corner of McLemore and College streets in Memphis.
Soon, young musicians from the neighborhood started hanging around, helping Stax build a house band that included organist Booker T. Jones, guitarist Steve Cropper, bassist Donald 鈥淒uck鈥� Dunn and drummer Al Jackson Jr. 鈥� also known as Booker T. and the M.G.s.
Stewart said he turned Stax into a soul and R&B label after hearing Ray Charles sing 鈥淲hat鈥檇 I Say.鈥�
鈥淚 was converted, immediately,鈥� Stewart said. 鈥淚 had never heard anything like that before. It allowed me to expand from country into R&B, into jazz, into gospel, wrapped all in one. That鈥檚 what Stax is.鈥�
Booker T. and the M.G.s were racially mixed, as were the Memphis Horns, which backed many of Stax鈥檚 hits.
Stax signed a distribution deal with Atlantic Records and brought in the songwriting team of Isaac Hayes and David Porter. Stewart also hired Al Bell as Stax鈥檚 national sales director, and the label continued growing and producing more hits, such as 鈥淲ho鈥檚 Making Love鈥� by Johnny Taylor.
The first tragedy to hit the label was the death of Otis Redding and four members of his backup band, the Bar-Kays, in a plane crash in 1967. Then the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968 in Memphis led to riots in the city.
In 1968, Stewart, Axton and Bell sold Stax to Gulf & Western in exchange for stock. Stewart and Bell repurchased the label in 1970.
Stax saw a few more successes in the early 1970s, including the release of The Staple Singers鈥� 鈥淚鈥檒l Take You There鈥� and the Wattstax concert in Los Angeles in 1972. But cash flow started to slow down, bills stopped being paid and lawsuits were filed.
Stewart sold his share of Stax to Al Bell in 1972. Three creditors forced Stax into involuntary bankruptcy in 1975, marking the death of Stewart鈥檚 brainchild.
鈥淗e was hurt,鈥� Axton told The Commercial Appeal for an Aug. 20, 1989, article on the history of Stax.
The studio was torn down in 1989. Since then, Stax has been rebuilt and reborn in the form of a museum, a music academy and a charter school.
Stewart, who mostly stayed out of the public eye after Stax stopped making music, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.
In 2013, Stewart made a rare appearance at Stax, touring the museum before visiting with the teenage musicians who attend the Stax Music Academy. Stewart made a few other appearances at Stax after that, including in 2019 for a news conference to announce plans for the academy鈥檚 20th anniversary.
鈥淭he music is still alive and that鈥檚 what's great about it,鈥� Stewart said during the 2013 tour. 鈥淚鈥檓 very proud of what they have done. It鈥檚 amazing to me.鈥�
Adrian Sainz, The Associated Press
