Troubled by the number of showing up at his hospital, the French doctor logged on to Facebook and uploaded a video urging people to get vaccinated.
He was soon swarmed by dozens, then hundreds, then more than 1,000 hateful messages from an anti-vaccine extremist group known as V_V. The group, active in France and Italy, has harassed doctors and public health officials, vandalized government offices and tried to disrupt vaccine clinics.
Alarmed by the abuse of its platform, tied to the group last December. But it didn鈥檛 stop V_V, which continues to use Facebook and other platforms and, like many anti-vaccine groups around the world, has expanded its portfolio to include and anti-democratic messaging.
鈥淟et鈥檚 go and get them at home, they don鈥檛 have to sleep anymore,鈥� reads one post from the group. 鈥淔ight with us!鈥� reads another.
The largely unchecked nature of the attacks on highlight the clear limits of a social media company to thwart even the most destructive kind of disinformation, particularly without a sustained aggressive effort.
Researchers at Reset, a U.K.-based nonprofit, identified more than 15,000 abusive or misinformation-laden Facebook posts from V_V 鈥� activity that peaked in spring 2022, months after the platform announced its actions against the organization. In a report on V_V鈥檚 activities, Reset鈥檚 researchers concluded that its continued presence on Facebook raises 鈥渜uestions about the effectiveness and consistency of Meta鈥檚 self-reported intervention.鈥�
Meta, Facebook鈥檚 parent company, noted in response that its 2021 actions were never meant to eliminate all V_V content but to take down accounts found to be participating in coordinated harassment. After The Associated Press notified Facebook of the group鈥檚 continued activities on its platform, it said it removed an additional 100 accounts this week.
Meta said it鈥檚 trying to strike a balance between removing content from groups like V_V that clearly violate rules against harassment or , while not silencing innocent users. That can be particularly difficult when it comes to the contentious issue of vaccines.
鈥淭his is a highly adversarial space and our efforts are ongoing: since our initial takedown, we鈥檝e taken numerous actions against this network鈥檚 attempts to come back,鈥� a Meta spokesman told the AP.
V_V is also active on Twitter, where Reset researchers found hundreds of accounts and thousands of posts from the group. Many of the accounts were created shortly after Facebook took action on the program last winter, Reset found.
In response to Reset鈥檚 report, Twitter said it took enforcement actions against several accounts linked to V_V but did not detail those actions.
V_V has proved especially resilient to efforts to stop it. Named for the movie 鈥淰 for Vendetta,鈥� in which a lone, masked man seeks revenge on an authoritarian government, the group uses fake accounts to evade detection, and often coordinates its messaging and activities on platforms such as Telegram that lack Facebook鈥檚 more aggressive moderation policies.
That adaptability is one reason why it鈥檚 been hard to stop the group, according to Jack Stubbs, a researcher at Graphika, a data analysis firm that has tracked V_V鈥檚 activities.
鈥淭hey understand how the internet works,鈥� Stubbs said.
Graphika estimated the group鈥檚 membership to be 20,000 in late 2021, with a smaller core of members involved in its online harassment efforts. In addition to Italy and France, Graphika鈥檚 team found evidence that V_V is trying to create chapters in Spain, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Brazil and Germany, where a similar is active.
such as V_V and Querdenken have increasingly and extremism researchers who say there鈥檚 evidence that far-right groups are using to expand their reach.
Increasingly, such groups are moving from online harassment to real world action.
For instance, in April, V_V used Telegram to announce plans to pay a 10,000 Euro bounty to vandals who spray painted the group鈥檚 symbol (two red Vs in a circle) on public buildings or vaccine clinics. The group then used Telegram to disseminate photos of the vandalism.
A month before Facebook took action on V_V, of 17 anti-vaccine activists who had used Telegram to make threats against government, medical and media figures for their perceived support of COVID-19 restrictions.
with responding to since the beginning of . Earlier this week, Facebook and Instagram suspended Children鈥檚 Health Defense,
One reason is the tricky balancing act between moderating harmful content and protecting free expression, according to Joshua Tucker of New York University, who co-directs NYU鈥檚 Center for Social Media and Politics and is a senior advisor at Kroll, a tech, government and economic consulting firm.
Striking the right balance is especially important because social media has emerged as a key source of news and information around the world. Leave up too much bad content and users may be misinformed. Take down too much and users will begin to .
鈥淚t is dangerous for society for us to be moving in a direction in which nobody feels they can trust information,鈥� Tucker said.
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Follow AP's coverage of misinformation at .
David Klepper, The Associated Press
