WASHINGTON (AP) 鈥� The COVID-19 pandemic caused historic learning setbacks for America鈥檚 children, sparing no state or region as it erased decades of academic progress and widened racial disparities, according to results of a national test that provide the sharpest look yet at the scale of the crisis.
Across the country, math scores saw their largest decreases ever. Reading scores dropped to 1992 levels. Nearly four in 10 eighth graders failed to grasp basic math concepts. Not a single state saw a notable improvement in their average test scores, with some simply treading water at best.
Those are the findings from the National Assessment of Educational Progress 鈥� known as the 鈥渘ation鈥檚 report card鈥� 鈥� which tested hundreds of thousands of fourth and eighth graders across the country this year. It was the first time the test had been given since 2019, and it鈥檚 seen as the first nationally representative study of the pandemic鈥檚 impact on learning.
鈥淚t is a serious wakeup call for us all,鈥� Peggy Carr, commissioner of the National Center for Education Statistics, a branch of the Education Department, said in an interview. 鈥淚n NAEP, when we experience a 1- or 2-point decline, we鈥檙e talking about it as a significant impact on a student鈥檚 achievement. In math, we experienced an 8-point decline 鈥� historic for this assessment.鈥�
Researchers usually think of a 10-point gain or drop as equivalent to roughly a year of learning.
It鈥檚 no surprise that children are behind. The pandemic upended everyday life and for months or more. The results released Monday reveal the depth of those setbacks and the size of the challenge schools face as they help students catch up.
Education Secretary Miguel Cardona said it鈥檚 a sign that schools need to redouble their efforts, using .
鈥淟et me be very clear: These results are not acceptable,鈥� Cardona said.
The NAEP test is typically given every two years. It was taken between January and March by a sample of students in every state, along with 26 of the nation鈥檚 largest school districts. Scores , but the new results show decreases on a scale not seen before.
In both math and reading, students scored lower than those tested in 2019. But while reading scores dipped, math scores plummeted by the largest margins in the history of the NAEP program, which began in 1969.
Math scores were worst among eighth graders, with 38% earning scores deemed 鈥渂elow basic鈥� 鈥� a cutoff that measures, for example, whether students can find the third angle of a triangle if they鈥檙e given the other two. That鈥檚 worse than 2019, when 31% of eighth graders scored below that level.
No part of the country was exempt. Every region saw test scores slide, and every state saw declines in at least one subject.
Several major districts saw test scores fall by more than 10 points. Cleveland saw the largest single drop, falling 16 points in fourth-grade reading, along with a 15-point decline in fourth-grade math. Baltimore and Tennessee鈥檚 Shelby County also saw precipitous declines.
鈥淭his is more confirmation that the pandemic hit us really hard,鈥� said Eric Gordon, chief executive for the Cleveland Metropolitan School District. To help students recover, the school system has beefed up summer school and added after-school tutoring.
鈥淚鈥檓 not concerned that they can鈥檛 or won鈥檛 recover,鈥� Gordon said. 鈥淚鈥檓 concerned that the country won鈥檛 stay focused on getting kids caught up.鈥�
The results show a reversal of progress on math scores, which had made big gains since the 1990s. Reading, by contrast, had changed little in recent decades, so even this year鈥檚 relatively small decreases put the averages back to where they were in 1992.
Most concerning, however, are the gaps between students.
Confirming what many had feared, racial inequities appear to have widened. In fourth grade, Black and Hispanic students saw bigger decreases than white students, widening gaps that have persisted for decades.
Inequities were also reflected in a growing gap between higher and lower performing students. In math and reading, scores fell most sharply among the lowest performing students, creating a widening chasm between struggling students and the rest of their peers.
Surveys done as part of this year鈥檚 test illustrate the divide. When schools shifted to remote learning, higher performing students were far more likely to have reliable access to quiet spaces, computers and help from their teachers, the survey found.
The results make clear that schools must address the 鈥渓ong-standing and systemic shortcomings of our education system,鈥� said Alberto Carvalho, superintendent of Los Angeles schools and a member of the National Assessment Governing Board, which sets the policies for the test.
Many parents may not understand just how far behind their children are academically. A spring survey by the national nonprofit Learning Heroes found the majority of parents believed their children were performing at or above their grade level in math and reading.
鈥淭here鈥檚 a myth that parents just don鈥檛 want to know. That the country just wants to get back to normal,鈥� said Sonja Santelises, chief executive officer of Baltimore City Public Schools. 鈥淏ut parents are very concerned.鈥�
Some parents blame schools for not clearly communicating learning gaps. In Nashville, a parent advocacy group is pushing the school system to share clearer information about student progress 鈥� and to create personal plans to help students catch up.
鈥淓very student has the right to be taught to read, but we failed at that,鈥� said Sonya Thomas, a mother who is the executive director of Nashville PROPEL. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 creating social emotional problems. That鈥檚 creating workforce problems. That鈥檚 creating life and death problems.鈥�
Other recent studies have found that students who spent longer periods learning online suffered greater setbacks. But the NAEP results show no clear connection. Areas that returned to the classroom quickly still saw significant declines, and cities 鈥� which were more likely to stay remote longer 鈥� actually saw milder decreases than suburban districts.
Los Angeles can claim one of few bright spots. The nation鈥檚 second-largest school district saw eighth-grade reading scores increase by 9 points, the only significant uptick in any district. For other districts, it was a feat just to hold even, as achieved by Dallas and Florida鈥檚 Hillsborough County.
Testing critics caution against putting too much stock in standardized exams, but there鈥檚 no doubt that the skills it aims to measure are critical. Students who take longer to master reading are more likely to drop out and end up in the criminal justice system, research has found, and eighth grade is seen as a pivotal time to develop skills for math and science careers.
For Carr, the results raise new questions about what will happen to students who appear to be far behind in attaining those skills.
鈥淲别 globally for STEM careers, science and technology and engineering,鈥� she said. 鈥淭his puts all of that at risk. We have to do a reset. This is a very serious issue, and it鈥檚 not going to go away on its own.鈥�
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AP education writer Bianca V谩zquez Toness in Boston contributed to this report.
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The Associated Press education team receives support from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
Collin Binkley, The Associated Press
